IMF, World Bank And Africa Essay -- Economics Banks African Essays

IMF, World Bank And Africa An avid viewer of television has seen the commercials portraying shortages of food and mass starvation in Africa. Yet in these times of relative prosperity, little is heard of Africa’s debt problem. Although the total debt of all African countries combined is small in comparison to that of the United States, millions of people suffer as a result. However, it is not until these countries have difficulty repaying their loans that the international community begins to take notice. Many African countries are currently in such debt that all new loans are used to repay old loans in a attempt to salvage any credit rating a country might have (George, 13). Because many banks, particularly in the United states, have invested as much as 100 percent of their shareholder’s equity in these less developed countries (LDCs), the chances of a country defaulting on a loan sends tremors through the economic world (George, 39). Eventually the countries are recognized as a poor credit risk and can no longer get loans. This is where the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank come into the picture. The structural adjustment programs of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank have had greater negative effects than positive on the African countries that have adopted them. This essay will examine the adjustment programs themselves and the political, social and economic effects adjustment programs have had on the countries that have accepted them.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The IMF began as an organization whose purpose was to encourage international trade and discourage protectionism while assisting in the â€Å"correction of balance payments disequilibria† for those countries who required short-term assistance (World Bank, 7). The World Bank’s sister organization, the IMF, attempts to promote economic growth in certain countries through loans granted for specific development projects. Membership in the World Bank requires membership in the IMF. Recently the two organizations have been acting in concert and often institute very similar policies. Members of the IMF are designated a yearly quota according to their economic standing, and are required to put down an initial percentage in gold, the remainder of which is payable in domestic currency. The LDC is allowed to draw on this quota and even surpass it providing that it agrees to certain go... ...arnounis, Chris C. The Debt Dilema of Developing Nations. West Port: Ovoum Books. 1984 George, Susan. A Fate Worst than Debt. New York: Grove Press. 1998 Harsch, Ernest. â€Å"After Adjustment†. Africa Report. 34(May) 1989 Hodd, Micheal. Africa, the IMF and the World Bank†. African Affairs. 1987 Korner, Peter and Gero Maass. The IMF and the Crisis: A Guide to the Third World. New Jersey: Zed Books Ltd. 1984 Kronsten, Gregory. â€Å"The IMF in Africa: Factor of stability or Unrest?†. The World Today. 1987 Lawrence, Peter .ed. World Recession & The Food Crises In Africa. London, 1986 Mittleman, James H. and Donald Will. â€Å"The International Monetary Fund, State Autonomy and Human Rights†. Africa Today. 1987 Nowzad, Bahram .ed. The Macroeconomics Effects of Fund-Supported Adjustment Programs†. International Monetary Fund Staff. Washington D.C. 1990 Prendergast, John. â€Å"Blood Money for Sudan: The World Bank and the IMF to the Rescue†. Africa Today. 1989. The World Bank: Questions and Answers. Washington D.C. The World Bank. 1976. The World Bank Annual Report 1986. Washington D.C. The World Bank. 1986. http://flag.blackened.net/revolt/africa/wsfws/3_1imf.html

Territorial Expansion Dbq Chart

Territorial Expansion DBQ Chart – FINAL EXAM Doc:| What it says:| What it means:| Outside Info:| How it will be used:| A| -Federalists argue that the Constitution does not touch on territorial expansion at all. -The issue therefore, should not be touched onit will just stir the pot unnecessarily-If issue is dealt with, a war (standing army) will undoubtedly come about. -Since treaty is unconstitutional, territorial expansion is unconstitutional. -Acquiring land requires an army because Louisiana territory borders Spain. If the country continues to grow, the Eastern states will not be important anymore. | -PEOPLE SHOULD STAY AWAY FROM TERRITORIAL EXPANSION. -Talking about the subject will bring up unwanted feelings between the pro & anti–expansionists. -Federalists are strongly against the idea of territorial expansion. -TERRITORIAL EXPANSION= huge hassle that requires getting involved with other countries and their land. | – Death of Federalist Party-Hartford Con vention| Against| B| -Majority of voters above the Maryland, Virginia line voted negative on the declaration of war. Majority of voters below the Maryland, Virginia line voted affirmative on the declaration of war. -All those in the west voted affirmative in the declaration of war. | – Most of those in the South and West voted for going to war with Great Britain while those North voted against going to war. Those who supported going to war usually were in support of territorial expansion. | -Madison’s Declaration of War in 1812-War Hawks| For| C| -The Cherokee had existed 200 years after Europeans came to America. They resisted white efforts to aid them, and have done so successfully.They have stayed at the same intellectual level, and are at a scientific and social standstill. The Indians are essentially too stubborn to realize they are holding themselves back. | -This shows American attitudes towards Native Americans. They saw the assimilation into white society as a n improvement on the culture of the Natives, and therefore, the Cherokee’s resistance was counter-productive. | -Indian Removal Act| Against| D| -Indians were moved in indirect routes from their homes to the new Indian reservations. -The Indian Removal Act forced them out of their lands. -Indians are being forceably removed from their homes and they aren’t even being taken on direct routes to their new homes. -They had to walk an increased amount because they weren’t guided in the right routes. | -Indian Removal Act| Against| E| -This document is a map of America but it has been drawn over with an eagle. It has an eagle drawn over it because the bald eagle is the national Animal. | -The document shows the greatness and the boldness of America because the bald eagle is supposed to be great and majestic so it is supposed to symbolize the greatness of America. -Manifest destiny-Patriotism,-The annexation of Texas-Indian removal| For | F| The settlers in Oregon woul d open the road to India from the United States. This road was through the South Pass at the mouth of Oregon. These settlements will help commence American Asiatic trade. | Trade would flourish because of westward expansion. The settlers in Oregon particularly would cause the commencement of America’s Asiatic trade on a new and national route. | -Purpose of discovering America: trade route to India-Settlement of Oregon| For territorial expansion.Economic| G| Andrew Jackson is saying that it was patriotic, increased wealth and happiness of all classes to add Texas to the Union. Americans could also spread the Gospel, education and other aspects of American culture. | Andrew Jackson was in favor of territorial expansion, and wanted to add Texas to the Union. It would benefit all of the social classes, and American culture would be further spread. | -Acquirement of Texas-Manifest Destiny| For territorial expansion. Social| H| John C. Calhoun didn’t want to expand.He noted that it was an American mission to spread civil and religious liberty all over the world, but it was a mistake. Only some were capable of maintaining free government, and only some of those were capable of forming a durable constitution. | John C. Calhoun didn’t support westward expansion because he didn’t think free government was being forced on those who could handle it. Only people with a very high state of moral and intellectual improvement were capable of maintaining free government and forming a constitution. | -Mexico at the time (and its people)-Constitution-Address to Congress on Mexico | Against territorial expansion.Political| I| Henry David Thoreau felt that government, the only mode which people have chosen to execute their will, was liable to be abused and perverted before the people could act through it. He listed the Mexican War as a prime example. | Henry David Thoreau wasn’t a fan of the way the government worked, and felt that it was easily abused. He stated that he doubted the people would have consented to the Mexican War if the government was completely based on their will. The Mexican War was the work of a few individuals using the standing government as their tool. -Henry David Thoreau-Civil Disobedience-Mexican War| Against territorial expansion. Political | J| By every law, human and religious, America was justified in taking Cuba from Spain. The same principle justified tearing down a neighbor’s burning house if there is no other way of preserving your own home. | America had no other choice but to take Cuba from Spain, to protect itself. Cuba could easily be used against the United States by Spain, and the U. S. couldn’t risk that happening. It was in America’s best interest. | -Cuban independence-Monroe Doctrine| For territorial expansion. Political|

Ideas Of Good And Evil Follow From The Earliest Of Days.

Ideas of good and evil follow from the earliest of days. Robert Louis Stevenson’s parents lived devout in their Christianity, but Stevenson did not follow their ideas. G.B. Stern suggests that â€Å"Although he had rejected the Calvinist doctrines his parents taught him, the focus of the interplay of good and evil continued to influence his imagination† (Stern). Stevenson forced his parents away, but their ideas stayed in his thoughts and even affected The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde. His past affected his writing even though he rejected it, good and evil still appear in Stevenson s writing. Stevenson may have needed to suppress some of his own true feelings growing up. Stern also brings up that â€Å"Jekyll’s schizophrenic double,†¦show more content†¦Jekyll tries to stop what he starts, but turning back becomes far from an option. Doing evil deeds can begin to have a snowball effect. Escaping from his feelings as Hyde brought along negativ e consequences. In life, feelings of good and evil do not always present themselves as black and white. This story represents the choices that we have to make everyday. People around us play a large part in our lives. â€Å"Life is never easy [...] I think to succeed and not succumb to what Jekyll went through is to have a support network of people [...] we have share our feelings†(Beckford). The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde seems the epitome of mankind choosing between good and evil with each decision they make. An inner circle can greatly influence a person. Without the support of an inner circle, staying on the right path proves difficult. Jekyll s lack of true feelings led him down a deadly path. â€Å"The failure to develop an integrated sense of self has serious implications because it leads Dr. Jekyll, in his Mr. Hyde guise, to kill people in acts of senseless violence and, ultimately, to meet his own end† (Smith) Channeling feelings is difficult, but extremely import ant. Mankind shines as complex and must accept that. â€Å"human beings must accept the complex wholeness of their psychological condition, even when certain aspects of such complexity prove repulsive to them†(Smith). While not always attractive, trueShow MoreRelatedThe Kingdom of God: The Old Testament Hebrew God as Hypocritical and Capricious1248 Words   |  5 PagesChristians, and Catholics alike worship to this day. In Genesis, the first book of the Old Testament in the Holy Bible, Yahweh (heretofore referred to as â€Å"God†) first creates humankind, and later establishes guidelines that his people must follow in order to avoid chastisement. It is arguable, however, that these guidelines are largely arbitrary, and that this supposed omniscient, omnipotent, omnipresence is merely a temperamental puppeteer throughout the earliest durations of his reign. 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